note about the memory leak I could not locate within my code.

hint: I couldn't locate it, because it isn't in my code.

.clang-format

@@ -99,10 +99,6 @@ IncludeIsMainSourceRegex: ''
 IncludeIsMainRegex:       '([-_](test|unittest))?$'
 IncludeBlocks:      Regroup
 IncludeCategories:
-  - Regex:         '^<glad/gl\.h>'
-    Priority:      1
-    SortPriority:  0
-    CaseSensitive: true
   - Regex:         '^<.*\.h>'
     Priority:      2
     SortPriority:  0

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -32,12 +32,16 @@ jobs:
         run: echo "HASH=$(git submodule | sha1sum)" >$GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
       - uses: actions/cache@v4
+        id: cache-deps
         with:
           path: lib/obj/
           # I swear to god, if runner.arch displays x64 for x86_64, I will eat a potato.
           # note: it is... fucking shit.
           key: ${{runner.os}}_${{runner.arch}}-lib/obj-${{steps.get-hash.outputs.HASH}}
           restore-keys: ${{runner.os}}_${{runner.arch}}-lib/obj-
+
       - run: make -Bj libs
+        if: steps.cache-deps.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+
       - run: make -j all
       - run: make -j test

Makefile

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ CMAKE   ?= cmake -G 'Unix Makefiles'
 CPPFLAGS ?=
 CFLAGS   ?= -O2 -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wno-pointer-arith
 LDFLAGS  ?= -flto
+CPPFLAGS += -DGLFW_INCLUDE_NONE
 CFLAGS   += -std=gnu99
 
 # add a few extra flags depending on whether

src/error.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2025 Quinn
+ * Licensed under the MIT Licence. See LICENSE for details */
 #include "error.h"
 
 #include <stdarg.h>
@@ -13,35 +15,41 @@ static void error_log(FILE *restrict stream, const char *restrict pfx, uint ln,
 	fprintf(stream, "'\n");
 }
 
-void error_dbg(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
+void error_debug(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#else
+	char *env = getenv("DEBUG");
+	if (env && env[0] != '1')
+		return;
+#endif
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	error_log(stdout, "\033[95mDBG\033[0m", ln, file, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
-void error_inf(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
+void error_info(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	error_log(stdout, "\033[94mINF\033[0m", ln, file, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
-void error_war(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
+void error_warn(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	error_log(stdout, "\033[93mWAR\033[0m", ln, file, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
-void error_err(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
+void error_error(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	error_log(stdout, "\033[91mERR\033[0m", ln, file, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
-void error_fat(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
+void error_fatal(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) {
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	error_log(stdout, "\033[101mFAT\033[0m", ln, file, fmt, ap);

src/error.h

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@
 #include "util/intdef.h"
 #include "util/macro.h"
 
-void error_dbg(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
+void error_debug(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
-void error_inf(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
+void error_info(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
-void error_war(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
+void error_warn(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
-void error_err(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
+void error_error(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...);
-void error_fat(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) NORET;
+void error_fatal(uint ln, const char *restrict file, const char *restrict fmt, ...) NORET;
 
-#define debug(...) error_dbg(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define debug(...) error_debug(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
-#define info(...)  error_inf(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define info(...)  error_info(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
-#define warn(...)  error_war(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define warn(...)  error_warn(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
-#define error(...) error_err(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define error(...) error_error(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
-#define fatal(...) error_fat(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define fatal(...) error_fatal(__LINE__, __FILE__ __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)

src/io/input.c

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 
-void key_callback(GLFWwindow *win, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods) {
+void input_callback(GLFWwindow *win, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods) {
 	(void)win, (void)key, (void)scancode, (void)action, (void)mods; // make the compiler shut up as this is fine
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 	if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)

src/io/input.h

@@ -4,4 +4,6 @@
 
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 
-void key_callback(GLFWwindow *win, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods);
+/* Handles incoming key inputs for `win`.
+ * Intended to be given as an argument to `glfwSetKeyCallback`. */
+void input_callback(GLFWwindow *win, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods);

src/io/render.c

@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
  * Licensed under the MIT Licence. See LICENSE for details */
 #include "render.h"
 
-#include <glad/gl.h>
-
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+#include <glad/gl.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include "../error.h"
@@ -80,3 +79,12 @@ void render_update(GLFWwindow *win) {
 	glBindVertexArray(vao);
 	glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, VERTC);
 }
+
+void render_free(void) {
+	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+	glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+	glDeleteProgram(pipe);
+	vbo = 0;
+	vao = 0;
+	pipe = 0;
+}

src/io/render.h

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
  * Licensed under the MIT Licence. See LICENSE for details */
 #pragma once
 
-#include <glad/gl.h>
-
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+#include <glad/gl.h>
 
 int render_init(void);
 void render_update(GLFWwindow *win);
+void render_free(void);

src/io/shader.c

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ extern const uint sh_vert_glsl_len;
 extern const uint sh_frag_glsl_len;
 extern const uint sh_geom_glsl_len;
 
-/* compile a shader */
+/* Compiles a shader of `type` from `src` with `len` bytes.
+ * Returns the integer for the shader. */
 static GLuint shader_compile(GLenum type, const char *src, size_t len) {
 	int ilen = len;
 	GLuint shader = glCreateShader(type);
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ int shader_init(GLuint pipe) {
 	glAttachShader(pipe, fs);
 	glAttachShader(pipe, gs);
 
+	// mark shaders off for deletion
 	glDeleteShader(vs);
 	glDeleteShader(fs);
 	glDeleteShader(gs);

src/io/shader.h

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <glad/gl.h>
-
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+/* Initialises the (embedded) shaders onto `pipe` */
 int shader_init(GLuint pipe);

src/io/window.c

@@ -2,49 +2,44 @@
  * Licensed under the MIT Licence. See LICENSE for details */
 #include "window.h"
 
-#include <glad/gl.h>
-
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <glad/gl.h>
 
 #include "../error.h"
+#include "../util/intdef.h"
 #include "input.h"
 #include "render.h"
 
-// macros for ease of access
+static struct GLFWwindow *win = NULL;
-#define WIN_NAME           "MCA Selector Lite"
-#define WIN_DEFAULT_WIDTH  640
-#define WIN_DEFAULT_HEIGHT 480
-
-static GLFWwindow *win = NULL;
 
+/* Initialises the GLFW window with some defaults,
+ * then proceed to activate OpenGL on it. */
 int window_init(void) {
+	// initialise the window
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_DEBUG_CONTEXT, GLFW_TRUE);
 #endif
-
-	// initialize the window
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_TRUE);
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
-	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE); // sets the profile to "core", so old, deprecated functions are disabled.
+	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
-	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
+	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, 1);
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RED_BITS, 8);
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_GREEN_BITS, 8);
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_BLUE_BITS, 8);
 	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_ALPHA_BITS, 0);
-	win = glfwCreateWindow(WIN_DEFAULT_WIDTH, WIN_DEFAULT_HEIGHT, WIN_NAME, NULL, NULL);
+	/* NOTE: on my system; x86_64, GTX 1650 580.82.09-2, X11, i3, this causes one direct, 2 indirect memory leaks.
+	 * This is not my fault, and can safely be ignored. */
+	win = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "MCA-Selector lite", NULL, NULL);
 	if (!win) return 1;
 
-	// setup OpenGL for the window
 	glfwMakeContextCurrent(win);
 	if (!gladLoadGL(glfwGetProcAddress)) return 1;
 	glfwSwapInterval(1); // wait 1 screen update for a redraw a.k.a. "vsync". (not really applicable in this case but eh)
 
-	// configure callbacks
+	glfwSetKeyCallback(win, input_callback);
-	glfwSetKeyCallback(win, key_callback);
 
-	// print the OpenGL version information
 	debug(
 		"version info:\n"
 		"\tvendor:       %s\n"
@@ -55,20 +50,33 @@ int window_init(void) {
 		glGetString(GL_RENDERER),
 		glGetString(GL_VERSION),
 		glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION));
-
 	return 0;
 }
 
 void window_loop(void) {
-	assert(win != NULL);
+	assert(win);
-
 	render_init();
 	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(win)) {
-		glfwWaitEvents(); // wait till an update has been given
+		glfwWaitEvents();
 
 		render_update(win);
 		glfwSwapBuffers(win);
+		glfwPollEvents();
+	}
+}
+
+void window_close(void) {
+	assert(win);
+	glfwSetWindowShouldClose(win, 1);
+}
+
+void window_free(void) {
+	if (!win) {
+		debug("window has already been freed.");
+		return;
 	}
 
 	glfwDestroyWindow(win);
+	render_free();
+	win = NULL;
 }

src/io/window.h

@@ -2,5 +2,18 @@
  * Licensed under the MIT Licence. See LICENSE for details */
 #pragma once
 
-int window_init(void);  // initializes the global window, returns non-zero upon failure
+/* Set up the window, enabling OpenGL, and
-void window_loop(void); // performs the window updates
+ * configuring the settings that are needed.
+ * Returns `0` upon success, otherwise `1`. */
+int window_init(void);
+
+/* Calls the update loop for the window.
+ * This function does not exit until the window does. */
+void window_loop(void);
+
+/* Requests the window to close (gracefully). */
+void window_close(void);
+
+/* Cleans up all resources held by the window.
+ * If the window is still open, it will be terminated. */
+void window_free(void);

src/main.c

@@ -1,50 +1,41 @@
 /* Copyright (c) 2025 Quinn
  * Licensed under the MIT Licence. See LICENSE for details */
-#define GLAD_GL_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include <glad/gl.h>
-#undef GLAD_GL_IMPLEMENTATION
-
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+#include <glad/gl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include "error.h"
 #include "io/window.h"
 
-
+/* reroutes GLFW errors to our logging system. */
-#define WIN_NAME           "MCA Selector Lite"
-#define WIN_DEFAULT_WIDTH  640
-#define WIN_DEFAULT_HEIGHT 480
-
-// callback for GLFW errors
 static void error_callback(int err, const char *const msg) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "\033[91mE: glfw returned (%i); \"%s\"\033[0m\n", err, msg);
+	error("glfw returned (%i); \"%s\"", err, msg);
-}
-
-static inline int init(void) {
-	glfwSetErrorCallback(error_callback);
-	glfwInitHint(GLFW_JOYSTICK_HAT_BUTTONS, GLFW_FALSE); // disable joystick buttons
-
-	if (!glfwInit()) return 1; // initialize GLFW
-	if (window_init()) return 1;
-
-	return 0;
 }
 
 static void quit(void) {
+	window_free();
+
+	/* terminates GLFW; destroying any
+	 * remaining windows, or other resources held by GLFW. */
 	glfwTerminate();
 }
 
 
+/* Entry-point of the application. */
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 	(void)argc, (void)argv;
 	printf("debug: [DBG], info: [INF], warning: [WAR], error: [ERR], fatal: [FAT]\n");
 	atexit(quit);
-	if (init()) fatal("failed to initialize!");
+
+	glfwSetErrorCallback(error_callback);
+	glfwInitHint(GLFW_JOYSTICK_HAT_BUTTONS, GLFW_FALSE); // disable joystick buttons; since we won't need them
+	if (!glfwInit() || window_init())
+		fatal("failed to initialise!");
 
 	window_loop();
-	quit();
 
-	// return success, since some architectures do not follow 0=success
+	/* return success, since some architectures do not follow 0=success
+	 * This action will call `quit`. */
 	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }